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【看完不后悔系列】醫(yī)學論文寫作攻略。。
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醫(yī)學論文(medical papers)是整理和發(fā)表醫(yī)學研究成果的一種特殊文本的總稱,就其內(nèi)容和文體特點而言可分為以下幾種:醫(yī)學科研論文(scientific papers);調(diào)查報告(survey);綜述(review);學位論文(theses)。 (文末有全套寫作學習視頻) 國際生物學編輯委員會對醫(yī)學科研論文的定義為:必須是首次公布的應提供足夠的資料,使同行們能夠進行:①評價所觀察到的結果;②評價其推理過程;③重復實驗。分為以下2種:臨床研究(clinical study);基礎研究或實驗研究(experimental study)。 在高校醫(yī)學院和醫(yī)學科研機構的學術研究和對外交流中,醫(yī)學翻譯和寫作是必不可少的一個環(huán)節(jié),而語言翻譯工作者也經(jīng)常會碰到論文翻譯的需求,在這個論文翻譯的旺季,醫(yī)學論文翻譯無疑是大頭。 那么要進行醫(yī)學翻譯,就必須對醫(yī)學論文的框架有一定的了解。下面介紹兩個英文論文的框架。 一、醫(yī)學科研論文的格式綜合版 根據(jù)醫(yī)學雜志編輯國際委員會制定的《生物醫(yī)學雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求》一篇生物醫(yī)學科研論文(以下簡稱“論文”)應包括以下12個部分: 1.標題(Title) 2.摘要(Abstract) 3.引言(Introduction) 4.材料與方法(Materials and Methods) 5.結果(Results) 6.討論(Discussion) 7.致謝(Acknowledgements) 8.參考文獻(References) 9.插圖說明(Legends) 10.插圖(Figures) 11.表格(Tables) 12.照片和說明(Plates and Explanations) 以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因實際情況不需要外,其他各部分是一篇論文必不可少的內(nèi)容。 1、引言部分 總的要求: 說明研究的總體范圍和目的。 具體要求: A. 背景–說明所研究問題的目前總體情況或歷史(statement of general area or history ofproblem); B. 意義–說明研究的意義或必要性(statement of importance or need); C.進展–說明有關該問題的先有發(fā)現(xiàn)、報告或研究(statement of previous findings,reports orstudies)。陳述這部分內(nèi)容時一般要有引文(citations); D. 目的–說明本研究的目的(statement of purpose of current study); E. 范圍–說明要研究問題的具體范圍(statement of specific area of problem to bestudied) 2、材料與方法部分 總的要求: 結果的可重演性、方法的可*性以及前后的邏輯性。 具體要求: A. 簡要說明研究設計(study design/protocol),如:回顧(retrospective/review),前瞻(prospective),臨床(clinical),動物(animal),實驗(experimental),活體內(nèi)(in vivo) 活體外(in vitro),原位(in situ) 隨訪(follow-up),對照(controlled),隨機(random/randomized),雙盲交*(double- blind crossover),人群(population/cohort/migrant),對比(comparative),流行病學(epidemiological) 等研究性質; B. 詳細說明研究對象(subject) 情況,包括研究人員(student),被研究的人(client) 和動物(animal) 的性別(***)、年齡(age),物種(species),品種(breed) 生理狀態(tài)(physiological state);微生物則要說明其菌株(strain),血清型(serotype) 及其他區(qū)別特性(identity characteristics); C. 隨機分組分組方法(methods of any random assignment of subjects togroups) 和選擇標準(criteria for admission to study groups); D. 詳細說明所用的藥物(drug),激素(hormone),試劑(reagent) 和其他化學品(chemical) 的名稱、商標(trademark)、生產(chǎn)廠家(manufacturer)及所在地(location) E. 簡要說明測定方法(method of measurement),包括名稱,引文和偏差(variations); F. 簡要說明統(tǒng)計學分析方法(method of statistic analysis) 這部分的陳述程序一般為:研究設計→研究對象性質→處理/干預方法→測定/觀察手段→統(tǒng)計分析。 除指示性說明外,如:“病人資料見表1”(Data of the patients are shown in Table 1) “材料與方法”和“結果”兩部分一律用過去時表達。 3、結果部分 總的要求: 讓研究的客觀結果說話,不要添枝加葉。 具體要求: A. 對所獲結果進行概述(overview of the results); B. 說明所獲資料或數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計意義(statistical significance); 統(tǒng)計支持(statisticalsupport),包括圖,表,照片等(凡用圖表表示的內(nèi)容不再用文字詳述)。不要用模棱兩可的詞或短語表述結果,如:“Theresults tended to be greater than…”。 4、討論部分 總的要求: 與先有研究相比,本研究有何意義。 具體要求: A. 簡要說明研究背景(background) B. 簡要介紹總的發(fā)現(xiàn)(general findings); C. 介紹具體要點(introduction of points) D. 與現(xiàn)有發(fā)現(xiàn)(若有)進行比較(comparison in the context of other studies) E. 意義(suggested meaning) F. 結論(conclusion) G. 前瞻研究(future studies) 結論往往是論文中最長也是最難寫的部分,主要原因是作者要對研究結果和發(fā)現(xiàn)進行分析、推斷、演繹和推理,要求作者具有很強邏輯思維能力和英語文字組織能力。此外,這部分時態(tài)比較復雜,要分清實驗過程和結果(過去時)與分析意見(確定:現(xiàn)在時;不確定或假設:過去時)的區(qū)別;他人研究結果(過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時)與本研究結果(過去時)的區(qū)別;普遍適用的結論(現(xiàn)在時)與只適用本研究的結論(過去時)的其別等。因此,對于however, may, might, could, would, possibly,probably, be likely to 等詞(組)的使用以及we believe (think/consider) that, to ourknowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入語的使用就顯得格外重要。 5、致謝部分 總的要求: 致謝詞和致謝方式必須征得受謝人或單位的同意。 6、參考文獻 總的要求: Referencestyles should be specific to eachjournal,既:根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求,因為各雜志對參考文獻部分的編排順序和格式不盡統(tǒng)一。 現(xiàn)將URMSBJ要求的20多種參考文獻中最常見的5種格式列舉如下: 1) Vega KJ,Pina I,Krevsky B.Heart transplantation is associated with anincreased risk for pancreatobiliary disease.Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun1;124(11):980-3. [標準雜志文章] 2) The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.Clinical excisestress testing:Safety and performance guidelines.Med J Aust1996;164:282-4. [作者是個組織] 3) Cancer in South Africa[editorial].S Afr Med J 1984;84:15. [無作者名] 4) Shen HM,Zhang QF.Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity andoccupational lung cancer.Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl1:275-82.[某雜志增刊] 5) Browell DA,Lennard TW.Immunologic status of the cancer patient andthe effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses.Curr Opin GenSurg 1993;325-33 [無期無卷] 7、插圖說明 總的要求: 插圖說明要另頁雙行打印。當插圖中有箭頭(arrow)、符號(symbol)、數(shù)字(number)或字母(letter)時,要在這部分(不是在插圖頁上)對其方向、位置等作出非常明確的說明。 8、插圖 總的要求: Designyour figures for the appropriatereduction,即:插圖要按雜志的版面大小比例進行壓縮;不要把插圖拍成照片。 9、表格 總的要求: Atable should be a totally self-contained unit ofinformation,即:表格要作為一個獨立的信息單位另頁打印。表格要簡明清楚,完整(標題、內(nèi)容和腳注),即使只有一張表格也要標Table1。 二、醫(yī)學科研論文的格式簡明版 1、標題(title) 2、摘要(abstract) 3、引言(introduction) 4、材料和方法(materialsand methods) 5、結果(results) 6、討論(discussion) 7、致謝(acknowledgement) 8、參考文獻(references) 1、標題 1)要求 簡明扼要(shortand concise):盡量控制在一行,但不是一個句子;不超過25個單詞或120-140個字母;除DNA、RNA、CT等不用縮寫。 A. 信息豐富(informative) B. 便于索引(indexing) C. 較長標題可采用副標題 2)標題寫作中常用詞組和表達方式 用…(方法/手段)對…進行研究/分析/觀察/評價: Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment)of (on) … by (using 方法/with工具) A對B的作用 EffortofA on B Protective effect of omeprazole onendothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury A與B的關系 Correlation(relation/relationship)between A and B Correlationof A with B and C 常用修飾詞 positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly 用…治療… Useof …in the treatment of …(。﹊n…(生物) Useof omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly A是B A as B 2、摘要 1)摘要分類 摘要是作者要給讀者的精華,從內(nèi)容上分兩大類: A. 指示性摘要 B. 資料性摘要 從結構分為三大類: A. 非結構式摘要 B. 全結構式摘要 C. 半結構式摘要 2)非結構式摘要 缺點:段落不明,給編輯、審稿、閱讀和計算機處理帶來諸多不便 3)全結構式摘要 八要素摘要:目的,設計,地點,對象,處理,主要測定項目,結果,結論。 優(yōu)點:觀點更明確,信息量更大;差錯更少;符合計算機數(shù)據(jù)庫建立和使用要求。 缺點:煩瑣、重復、篇幅過長 4)半結構式摘要 即為四要素摘要: 目的(objective/purpose/aim) 方法(methods) 結果(results) 結論(conclusion) 3、目的 目的是作者想要介紹的關鍵問題。 1)目的格式 單表目的 背景+目的 2)目的常用時態(tài) 背景:現(xiàn)在時(一般現(xiàn)在時、完成時和進行時) 目的:一般現(xiàn)在時/現(xiàn)在完成時,或一般過去時 舉例1: Toevaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusionswithomeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcerpatients. 舉例2: Therole of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacterpyloriresistance on treatment outcome are not established. This studyinvestigatedthe role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pyloriresistance oneradication and development of secondary resistance. 3)介紹目的常用句型 主要用動詞不定式to表達 直接用“todo短語”表達 舉例1: Todetermine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosalinjury Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal (of present study is) was to 舉例2: Theaim ofthis study was to determine the protective function ofomeprazole on gastricmucosal injury. Thepresent study is /was designed/devised/intended to 舉例3: Thepresent study was designed to establish whether there might be agenetic pred is position to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatorycytokine produced inpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Thisstudy was performed/conducted/carried out/under taken to 舉例4: Anexperimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate … Weaimed/sought to/attempted to 舉例5: Wesought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosisamong individuals who work in certain industries occupations. 4)介紹目的常用動詞 研究:study,investigate,examine, observe, explore 舉例: Ourobjective in this report is to examine the clinical feature,pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer. 評價:evaluate,validate 舉例: Toevaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency roompatientswith abdominal trauma. 確定:determine,decide,confirm, support, define, characterize 證實:prove,demonstrate,document, test, support, testify, verify 闡明、搞清:explain,elucidate,clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to theknowledgeof 介紹:describe,present,report 建立:establish,develop,set out 尋找:searchfor,look for, seek, find 識別、區(qū)分:identify,differentiate,discriminate 優(yōu)選:optimize 比較:compare 回顧:review 相關:correlateAwith B 4、方法部分 研究設計; 研究對象的特性; 干預或處理方法; 測定或觀察方法。 1)研究對象的選擇、來源及標準 納入研究:wereentered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly) 舉例:Atotal of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whomreceived…… 排除或退出研究:wereexcluded from participation,withdrew from the study due to/because to 舉例:……Patientswith significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded. 2)研究對象的分組 ……were divided into/classified/grouped into ……weredivided randomly/randomized into ……weredivided equally into 舉例:Patientswere divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) witha history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening testresult were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mgomeprazole, …… 3)年齡 某一年齡 舉例:A50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years). 在某年齡范圍內(nèi)及平均年齡 舉例:Patientsrange in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years). 在某一年齡以上或以下 舉例:Patientsmore than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years. 4)性別、時間 性別 twelve patients (7 male and 5 female ) The male-to-female ratio was 1:4 時間 Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4,8 and 12 weeks.…… 5)診斷與治療 診斷 be diagnosed as having … be diagnosed as …by …/with … besuspected as … 治療 be treated with…(alone or in combination with …) be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis 舉例:Patients(n= 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pyloriscreening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC groupreceived 20 mg omeprazole, … 舉例:50patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assignedto receiveone of the four treatment regimens. … 5、結果部分 是文章結論的根據(jù),應記錄真實的科研數(shù)據(jù),除指示性說明外,一般用過去時表示。 常用句型 結果表明 Theresults showed / demonstrated / revealed /documented /indicated/suggested…that…; Itwas found that… 舉例:Theresults showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percentsensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate. 與…有關 Awas related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship/correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C 舉例:Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530,P<0.05), bodymass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baselineinsulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05) 增加或減少 表示數(shù)值增加的動詞:increase,rise,elevate 表示數(shù)值增加的名詞:increase,increment,elevation 表示數(shù)值減少的動詞:decrease,reduce,fall, drop, decline, lower 表示數(shù)值減少的名詞:decrease,decrement,reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering 從…增加到…,平均增加…:increasefrom…to …, with a mean/average (increase) of … 從…增加到…,總的增加…:increasefrom…to …, with an overall increase of … 增加了10%:increaseby(10%) 倍數(shù)比較 增加或減少3倍:increaseby3 fold (times); a 3-fold increase A是B的3倍:Ais 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B 結果的統(tǒng)計學意義 明顯不同(significantdifference) 很明顯不同(very/highlysignificant difference) 區(qū)別不明顯(insignificantdifference) 無區(qū)別(nonsignificantdifference/no difference) 統(tǒng)計學意義常用句型 Therewas/is significant difference in…between A and B Thedifference in …between A and B was/is significant Awas/is significant difference from B in … Nosignificant difference was found / observed / noted in …between Aand B “in”表示區(qū)分的性質或內(nèi)容 舉例1:Therewere no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms andlung function (P>0.05). 舉例2:Significantdifference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDLpeakparticle diameter before and after treatment. 6、結論部分 是作者發(fā)表觀點和見解,給讀者的精髓部分歸納性說明研究結果或發(fā)現(xiàn)結論性說明結果的可能原因、機理或意義前瞻性說明未解決的問題。 1)結論部分時態(tài) 過去時 a. 涉及本研究的內(nèi)容 b. 涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容 c. 作者認為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結論 現(xiàn)在時 a. 指示性說明 b. 普遍接受的思想、理論或結論 c. 作者認為本研究結論具有普遍意義 d. 前瞻性說明 舉例:Ourfindings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease[指示性說明-現(xiàn)在時],butonlya few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation ofinjectiondrug use [本試驗過程中發(fā)生的事-過去時].Antiviraltreatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression ofdiseasesis indicated in this group of patients [作者認為具有普遍意義的結論-現(xiàn)在時]. 2)結論部分常用句型 結果提示… Theseresults suggest that… 舉例:Thesedata confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes inNigeria. 結果支持或反對某種觀點 Theseresults support the idea that… Theseresults fail to support the idea that… 舉例:Theseresults do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterolconcentration cause mood disturbance. 表示觀點的確定或不確定性 Thereis no evidence that… Itis likely/unlikely that … 舉例:Thereis no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism ormass. 具有…意義 Beof great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to … 舉例:Thedetection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumordiagnosis. 前瞻性說明 …remaintobe further studied; Itis remains to be proved that … 舉例:However,the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to befurtherstudied. 插入語 Thisis the first case of pancreas divisum. 舉例:Thisis the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum. |
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