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zhounailu禁蟲(chóng) (初入文壇)
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【看完不后悔系列】醫(yī)學(xué)論文寫(xiě)作攻略。!
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醫(yī)學(xué)論文(medical papers)是整理和發(fā)表醫(yī)學(xué)研究成果的一種特殊文本的總稱,就其內(nèi)容和文體特點(diǎn)而言可分為以下幾種:醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文(scientific papers);調(diào)查報(bào)告(survey);綜述(review);學(xué)位論文(theses)。 (文末有全套寫(xiě)作學(xué)習(xí)視頻) 國(guó)際生物學(xué)編輯委員會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的定義為:必須是首次公布的應(yīng)提供足夠的資料,使同行們能夠進(jìn)行:①評(píng)價(jià)所觀察到的結(jié)果;②評(píng)價(jià)其推理過(guò)程;③重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。分為以下2種:臨床研究(clinical study);基礎(chǔ)研究或?qū)嶒?yàn)研究(experimental study)。 在高校醫(yī)學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)科研機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)術(shù)研究和對(duì)外交流中,醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯和寫(xiě)作是必不可少的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),而語(yǔ)言翻譯工作者也經(jīng)常會(huì)碰到論文翻譯的需求,在這個(gè)論文翻譯的旺季,醫(yī)學(xué)論文翻譯無(wú)疑是大頭。 那么要進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)翻譯,就必須對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)論文的框架有一定的了解。下面介紹兩個(gè)英文論文的框架。 一、醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式綜合版 根據(jù)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯國(guó)際委員會(huì)制定的《生物醫(yī)學(xué)雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求》一篇生物醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“論文”)應(yīng)包括以下12個(gè)部分: 1.標(biāo)題(Title) 2.摘要(Abstract) 3.引言(Introduction) 4.材料與方法(Materials and Methods) 5.結(jié)果(Results) 6.討論(Discussion) 7.致謝(Acknowledgements) 8.參考文獻(xiàn)(References) 9.插圖說(shuō)明(Legends) 10.插圖(Figures) 11.表格(Tables) 12.照片和說(shuō)明(Plates and Explanations) 以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因?qū)嶋H情況不需要外,其他各部分是一篇論文必不可少的內(nèi)容。 1、引言部分 總的要求: 說(shuō)明研究的總體范圍和目的。 具體要求: A. 背景–說(shuō)明所研究問(wèn)題的目前總體情況或歷史(statement of general area or history ofproblem); B. 意義–說(shuō)明研究的意義或必要性(statement of importance or need); C.進(jìn)展–說(shuō)明有關(guān)該問(wèn)題的先有發(fā)現(xiàn)、報(bào)告或研究(statement of previous findings,reports orstudies)。陳述這部分內(nèi)容時(shí)一般要有引文(citations); D. 目的–說(shuō)明本研究的目的(statement of purpose of current study); E. 范圍–說(shuō)明要研究問(wèn)題的具體范圍(statement of specific area of problem to bestudied) 2、材料與方法部分 總的要求: 結(jié)果的可重演性、方法的可*性以及前后的邏輯性。 具體要求: A. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究設(shè)計(jì)(study design/protocol),如:回顧(retrospective/review),前瞻(prospective),臨床(clinical),動(dòng)物(animal),實(shí)驗(yàn)(experimental),活體內(nèi)(in vivo) 活體外(in vitro),原位(in situ) 隨訪(follow-up),對(duì)照(controlled),隨機(jī)(random/randomized),雙盲交*(double- blind crossover),人群(population/cohort/migrant),對(duì)比(comparative),流行病學(xué)(epidemiological) 等研究性質(zhì); B. 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明研究對(duì)象(subject) 情況,包括研究人員(student),被研究的人(client) 和動(dòng)物(animal) 的性別(***)、年齡(age),物種(species),品種(breed) 生理狀態(tài)(physiological state);微生物則要說(shuō)明其菌株(strain),血清型(serotype) 及其他區(qū)別特性(identity characteristics); C. 隨機(jī)分組分組方法(methods of any random assignment of subjects togroups) 和選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(criteria for admission to study groups); D. 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明所用的藥物(drug),激素(hormone),試劑(reagent) 和其他化學(xué)品(chemical) 的名稱、商標(biāo)(trademark)、生產(chǎn)廠家(manufacturer)及所在地(location) E. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明測(cè)定方法(method of measurement),包括名稱,引文和偏差(variations); F. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析方法(method of statistic analysis) 這部分的陳述程序一般為:研究設(shè)計(jì)→研究對(duì)象性質(zhì)→處理/干預(yù)方法→測(cè)定/觀察手段→統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。 除指示性說(shuō)明外,如:“病人資料見(jiàn)表1”(Data of the patients are shown in Table 1) “材料與方法”和“結(jié)果”兩部分一律用過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)。 3、結(jié)果部分 總的要求: 讓研究的客觀結(jié)果說(shuō)話,不要添枝加葉。 具體要求: A. 對(duì)所獲結(jié)果進(jìn)行概述(overview of the results); B. 說(shuō)明所獲資料或數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義(statistical significance); 統(tǒng)計(jì)支持(statisticalsupport),包括圖,表,照片等(凡用圖表表示的內(nèi)容不再用文字詳述)。不要用模棱兩可的詞或短語(yǔ)表述結(jié)果,如:“Theresults tended to be greater than…”。 4、討論部分 總的要求: 與先有研究相比,本研究有何意義。 具體要求: A. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究背景(background) B. 簡(jiǎn)要介紹總的發(fā)現(xiàn)(general findings); C. 介紹具體要點(diǎn)(introduction of points) D. 與現(xiàn)有發(fā)現(xiàn)(若有)進(jìn)行比較(comparison in the context of other studies) E. 意義(suggested meaning) F. 結(jié)論(conclusion) G. 前瞻研究(future studies) 結(jié)論往往是論文中最長(zhǎng)也是最難寫(xiě)的部分,主要原因是作者要對(duì)研究結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析、推斷、演繹和推理,要求作者具有很強(qiáng)邏輯思維能力和英語(yǔ)文字組織能力。此外,這部分時(shí)態(tài)比較復(fù)雜,要分清實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí))與分析意見(jiàn)(確定:現(xiàn)在時(shí);不確定或假設(shè):過(guò)去時(shí))的區(qū)別;他人研究結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))與本研究結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí))的區(qū)別;普遍適用的結(jié)論(現(xiàn)在時(shí))與只適用本研究的結(jié)論(過(guò)去時(shí))的其別等。因此,對(duì)于however, may, might, could, would, possibly,probably, be likely to 等詞(組)的使用以及we believe (think/consider) that, to ourknowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入語(yǔ)的使用就顯得格外重要。 5、致謝部分 總的要求: 致謝詞和致謝方式必須征得受謝人或單位的同意。 6、參考文獻(xiàn) 總的要求: Referencestyles should be specific to eachjournal,既:根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求,因?yàn)楦麟s志對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)部分的編排順序和格式不盡統(tǒng)一。 現(xiàn)將URMSBJ要求的20多種參考文獻(xiàn)中最常見(jiàn)的5種格式列舉如下: 1) Vega KJ,Pina I,Krevsky B.Heart transplantation is associated with anincreased risk for pancreatobiliary disease.Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun1;124(11):980-3. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雜志文章] 2) The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.Clinical excisestress testing:Safety and performance guidelines.Med J Aust1996;164:282-4. [作者是個(gè)組織] 3) Cancer in South Africa[editorial].S Afr Med J 1984;84:15. [無(wú)作者名] 4) Shen HM,Zhang QF.Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity andoccupational lung cancer.Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl1:275-82.[某雜志增刊] 5) Browell DA,Lennard TW.Immunologic status of the cancer patient andthe effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses.Curr Opin GenSurg 1993;325-33 [無(wú)期無(wú)卷] 7、插圖說(shuō)明 總的要求: 插圖說(shuō)明要另頁(yè)雙行打印。當(dāng)插圖中有箭頭(arrow)、符號(hào)(symbol)、數(shù)字(number)或字母(letter)時(shí),要在這部分(不是在插圖頁(yè)上)對(duì)其方向、位置等作出非常明確的說(shuō)明。 8、插圖 總的要求: Designyour figures for the appropriatereduction,即:插圖要按雜志的版面大小比例進(jìn)行壓縮;不要把插圖拍成照片。 9、表格 總的要求: Atable should be a totally self-contained unit ofinformation,即:表格要作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的信息單位另頁(yè)打印。表格要簡(jiǎn)明清楚,完整(標(biāo)題、內(nèi)容和腳注),即使只有一張表格也要標(biāo)Table1。 二、醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式簡(jiǎn)明版 1、標(biāo)題(title) 2、摘要(abstract) 3、引言(introduction) 4、材料和方法(materialsand methods) 5、結(jié)果(results) 6、討論(discussion) 7、致謝(acknowledgement) 8、參考文獻(xiàn)(references) 1、標(biāo)題 1)要求 簡(jiǎn)明扼要(shortand concise):盡量控制在一行,但不是一個(gè)句子;不超過(guò)25個(gè)單詞或120-140個(gè)字母;除DNA、RNA、CT等不用縮寫(xiě)。 A. 信息豐富(informative) B. 便于索引(indexing) C. 較長(zhǎng)標(biāo)題可采用副標(biāo)題 2)標(biāo)題寫(xiě)作中常用詞組和表達(dá)方式 用…(方法/手段)對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究/分析/觀察/評(píng)價(jià): Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment)of (on) … by (using 方法/with工具) A對(duì)B的作用 EffortofA on B Protective effect of omeprazole onendothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury A與B的關(guān)系 Correlation(relation/relationship)between A and B Correlationof A with B and C 常用修飾詞 positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly 用…治療… Useof …in the treatment of …(。﹊n…(生物) Useof omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly A是B A as B 2、摘要 1)摘要分類 摘要是作者要給讀者的精華,從內(nèi)容上分兩大類: A. 指示性摘要 B. 資料性摘要 從結(jié)構(gòu)分為三大類: A. 非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 B. 全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 C. 半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 2)非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 缺點(diǎn):段落不明,給編輯、審稿、閱讀和計(jì)算機(jī)處理帶來(lái)諸多不便 3)全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 八要素摘要:目的,設(shè)計(jì),地點(diǎn),對(duì)象,處理,主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目,結(jié)果,結(jié)論。 優(yōu)點(diǎn):觀點(diǎn)更明確,信息量更大;差錯(cuò)更少;符合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立和使用要求。 缺點(diǎn):煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過(guò)長(zhǎng) 4)半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 即為四要素摘要: 目的(objective/purpose/aim) 方法(methods) 結(jié)果(results) 結(jié)論(conclusion) 3、目的 目的是作者想要介紹的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。 1)目的格式 單表目的 背景+目的 2)目的常用時(shí)態(tài) 背景:現(xiàn)在時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)) 目的:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),或一般過(guò)去時(shí) 舉例1: Toevaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusionswithomeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcerpatients. 舉例2: Therole of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacterpyloriresistance on treatment outcome are not established. This studyinvestigatedthe role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pyloriresistance oneradication and development of secondary resistance. 3)介紹目的常用句型 主要用動(dòng)詞不定式to表達(dá) 直接用“todo短語(yǔ)”表達(dá) 舉例1: Todetermine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosalinjury Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal (of present study is) was to 舉例2: Theaim ofthis study was to determine the protective function ofomeprazole on gastricmucosal injury. Thepresent study is /was designed/devised/intended to 舉例3: Thepresent study was designed to establish whether there might be agenetic pred is position to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatorycytokine produced inpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Thisstudy was performed/conducted/carried out/under taken to 舉例4: Anexperimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate … Weaimed/sought to/attempted to 舉例5: Wesought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosisamong individuals who work in certain industries occupations. 4)介紹目的常用動(dòng)詞 研究:study,investigate,examine, observe, explore 舉例: Ourobjective in this report is to examine the clinical feature,pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer. 評(píng)價(jià):evaluate,validate 舉例: Toevaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency roompatientswith abdominal trauma. 確定:determine,decide,confirm, support, define, characterize 證實(shí):prove,demonstrate,document, test, support, testify, verify 闡明、搞清:explain,elucidate,clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to theknowledgeof 介紹:describe,present,report 建立:establish,develop,set out 尋找:searchfor,look for, seek, find 識(shí)別、區(qū)分:identify,differentiate,discriminate 優(yōu)選:optimize 比較:compare 回顧:review 相關(guān):correlateAwith B 4、方法部分 研究設(shè)計(jì); 研究對(duì)象的特性; 干預(yù)或處理方法; 測(cè)定或觀察方法。 1)研究對(duì)象的選擇、來(lái)源及標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入研究:wereentered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly) 舉例:Atotal of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whomreceived…… 排除或退出研究:wereexcluded from participation,withdrew from the study due to/because to 舉例:……Patientswith significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded. 2)研究對(duì)象的分組 ……were divided into/classified/grouped into ……weredivided randomly/randomized into ……weredivided equally into 舉例:Patientswere divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) witha history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening testresult were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mgomeprazole, …… 3)年齡 某一年齡 舉例:A50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years). 在某年齡范圍內(nèi)及平均年齡 舉例:Patientsrange in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years). 在某一年齡以上或以下 舉例:Patientsmore than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years. 4)性別、時(shí)間 性別 twelve patients (7 male and 5 female ) The male-to-female ratio was 1:4 時(shí)間 Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4,8 and 12 weeks.…… 5)診斷與治療 診斷 be diagnosed as having … be diagnosed as …by …/with … besuspected as … 治療 be treated with…(alone or in combination with …) be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis 舉例:Patients(n= 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pyloriscreening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC groupreceived 20 mg omeprazole, … 舉例:50patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assignedto receiveone of the four treatment regimens. … 5、結(jié)果部分 是文章結(jié)論的根據(jù),應(yīng)記錄真實(shí)的科研數(shù)據(jù),除指示性說(shuō)明外,一般用過(guò)去時(shí)表示。 常用句型 結(jié)果表明 Theresults showed / demonstrated / revealed /documented /indicated/suggested…that…; Itwas found that… 舉例:Theresults showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percentsensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate. 與…有關(guān) Awas related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship/correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C 舉例:Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530,P<0.05), bodymass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baselineinsulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05) 增加或減少 表示數(shù)值增加的動(dòng)詞:increase,rise,elevate 表示數(shù)值增加的名詞:increase,increment,elevation 表示數(shù)值減少的動(dòng)詞:decrease,reduce,fall, drop, decline, lower 表示數(shù)值減少的名詞:decrease,decrement,reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering 從…增加到…,平均增加…:increasefrom…to …, with a mean/average (increase) of … 從…增加到…,總的增加…:increasefrom…to …, with an overall increase of … 增加了10%:increaseby(10%) 倍數(shù)比較 增加或減少3倍:increaseby3 fold (times); a 3-fold increase A是B的3倍:Ais 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B 結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 明顯不同(significantdifference) 很明顯不同(very/highlysignificant difference) 區(qū)別不明顯(insignificantdifference) 無(wú)區(qū)別(nonsignificantdifference/no difference) 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義常用句型 Therewas/is significant difference in…between A and B Thedifference in …between A and B was/is significant Awas/is significant difference from B in … Nosignificant difference was found / observed / noted in …between Aand B “in”表示區(qū)分的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容 舉例1:Therewere no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms andlung function (P>0.05). 舉例2:Significantdifference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDLpeakparticle diameter before and after treatment. 6、結(jié)論部分 是作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)和見(jiàn)解,給讀者的精髓部分歸納性說(shuō)明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)論性說(shuō)明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)理或意義前瞻性說(shuō)明未解決的問(wèn)題。 1)結(jié)論部分時(shí)態(tài) 過(guò)去時(shí) a. 涉及本研究的內(nèi)容 b. 涉及他人研究過(guò)程的內(nèi)容 c. 作者認(rèn)為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結(jié)論 現(xiàn)在時(shí) a. 指示性說(shuō)明 b. 普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論 c. 作者認(rèn)為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義 d. 前瞻性說(shuō)明 舉例:Ourfindings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease[指示性說(shuō)明-現(xiàn)在時(shí)],butonlya few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation ofinjectiondrug use [本試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中發(fā)生的事-過(guò)去時(shí)].Antiviraltreatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression ofdiseasesis indicated in this group of patients [作者認(rèn)為具有普遍意義的結(jié)論-現(xiàn)在時(shí)]. 2)結(jié)論部分常用句型 結(jié)果提示… Theseresults suggest that… 舉例:Thesedata confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes inNigeria. 結(jié)果支持或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn) Theseresults support the idea that… Theseresults fail to support the idea that… 舉例:Theseresults do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterolconcentration cause mood disturbance. 表示觀點(diǎn)的確定或不確定性 Thereis no evidence that… Itis likely/unlikely that … 舉例:Thereis no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism ormass. 具有…意義 Beof great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to … 舉例:Thedetection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumordiagnosis. 前瞻性說(shuō)明 …remaintobe further studied; Itis remains to be proved that … 舉例:However,the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to befurtherstudied. 插入語(yǔ) Thisis the first case of pancreas divisum. 舉例:Thisis the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum. |
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