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wulijiayou金蟲 (小有名氣)
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求腐蝕領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者幫忙檢查下翻譯
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英譯中 For infrastructure applications in marine environments, the eventual initiation of corrosion (and pitting) of steels (and other metals and alloys) often is assumed an inescapable fact, and practical interest then centres on the rate at which corrosion damage is likely to occur in the future. This demands models with a reasonable degree of accuracy, preferably anchored in corrosion theory and calibrated to actual observations under realistic exposure conditions. Recent developments in the understanding of the development of corrosion loss and of maximum pit depth in particular are reviewed in light of modern techniques that permit much closer examination of pitted and corroded surfaces. From these observations, and from sometimes forgotten or ignored observations in the literature, it is proposed that pitting (and crevice corrosion) plays an important role in the overall corrosion process, but that longer term pitting behaviour is considerably more complex than usually considered. In turn, this explains much of the, often high, variability in maximum depths of pits observed at any point in time. The practical implications are outlined. 對于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在海洋環(huán)境中的應(yīng)用，鋼及其它金屬與合金的腐蝕（點(diǎn)蝕）的發(fā)生是難以避免的，人們真正感興趣的是產(chǎn)生腐蝕損壞的腐蝕速率。這需要有合理準(zhǔn)確的模型，最好以腐蝕理論為基礎(chǔ)，并根據(jù)實(shí)際暴露條件下的觀察進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)。審閱現(xiàn)代技術(shù)對腐蝕損失的發(fā)展，特別是對最大蝕坑深度的研究的最新進(jìn)展，會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些新技術(shù)允許更仔細(xì)地檢查點(diǎn)蝕和銹蝕表面。從這些觀察結(jié)果以及被遺忘或忽略的文獻(xiàn)中來看，點(diǎn)蝕（和縫隙腐蝕）在整個腐蝕過程中起著重要作用，但長期點(diǎn)蝕行為比通�？紤]的要復(fù)雜得多。反過來，這解釋了在任何時間點(diǎn)觀察到的最大蝕坑深度都是變化的，通常是高變量。這概述實(shí)際應(yīng)用的含義。 This article presents a synthesis of recent studies focused on the corrosion product layers forming on carbon steel in natural seawater and the link between the composition of these layers and the corrosion mechanisms. Additional new experimental results are also presented to enlighten some important points. First, the composition and stratification of the layers produced by uniform corrosion are described. A focus is made on the mechanism of formation of the sulfate green rust because this compound is the first solid phase to precipitate from the dissolved species produced by the corrosion of the steel surface. Secondly, localized corrosion processes are discussed. In any case, they involve galvanic couplings between anodic and cathodic zones of the metal surface and are often associated with heterogeneous corrosion product layers. The variations of the composition of these layers with the anodic/cathodic character of the underlying metal surface, and in particular the changes in magnetite content, are thoroughly described and analyzed to enlighten the self-sustaining ability of the process. Finally, corrosion product layers formed on permanently immersed steel surfaces were exposed to air. Their drying and oxidation induced the formation of akaganeite, a common product of marine atmospheric corrosion that was, however, not detected on the steel surface after the permanent immersion period. 本文綜述了近期關(guān)于天然海水中碳鋼腐蝕產(chǎn)物以及這些腐蝕產(chǎn)物層的組成與聯(lián)系的一系列研究，尤其是關(guān)于腐蝕機(jī)制的。文章還提供了新的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果以闡明一些重要的觀點(diǎn)。首先描述了由均勻腐蝕產(chǎn)生各層的組成情況及分層情況。討論的一個重點(diǎn)是硫酸鹽綠銹的形成機(jī)理，因?yàn)檫@種化合物是鋼表面腐蝕產(chǎn)生的溶解物質(zhì)中沉淀出來的第一個固相。其次，探討了局部腐蝕過程。在任何情況下，它們都涉及金屬表面陽極區(qū)和陰極區(qū)之間的電流耦合，并且通常與異質(zhì)腐蝕產(chǎn)物層有關(guān)。充分描述與分析了腐蝕層的組成變化與金屬表面底層的陽極/陰極特征，特別是磁鐵礦含量的關(guān)系，以闡明該過程的自發(fā)性。最后，在永久浸沒的鋼表面上形成的腐蝕產(chǎn)物層暴露在空氣中。它們的干燥和氧化導(dǎo)致了赤鎂石的形成，這是一種海洋大氣腐蝕的常見產(chǎn)物，但是在永久浸泡后在鋼表面上沒有檢測到 A perspective is presented on the evolution of damage due to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), from crack precursor development through to long crack growth. The variable nature of crack precursors is highlighted with an observation that uncontrolled chemistry excursions or fabrication defects could eliminate any significant delay associated with that step in the damage evolution process. Specimen preparation by machining and grinding can be critical in determining the apparent susceptibility of the metal to EAC and corrosion, and an example for 316L stainless steel is given to show how physical defects generated by the grinding wheel can become the dominant site for pitting attack relative to MnS inclusions. Corrosion pits are the most commonly observed precursor to cracks in aqueous chloride environments. The loci of sites of crack initiation around a pit are discussed and the inherent challenges in quantifying the growth of cracks smaller than the pit depth described with implications for modelling of the pit-to-crack transition. The remarkably enhanced stress corrosion crack growth rate data for short and small cracks in a 12Cr steam turbine blade in a simulated condensate environment are discussed in the context of crack electrochemistry modelling and the implications for engineering integrity. 介紹了環(huán)境輔助開裂 (EAC) 造成的損傷演變，從裂紋前體發(fā)展到長裂紋擴(kuò)展。不受控制的化學(xué)偏移或制造缺陷可以消除任何損傷演變過程的重大延遲。通過機(jī)械加工和磨削制備的試樣對于確定金屬對 EAC 和腐蝕的敏感性至關(guān)重要，以 316L 不銹鋼為例，砂輪造成的物理缺陷相對于 MnS 夾雜的點(diǎn)蝕是占據(jù)主導(dǎo)因素。腐蝕坑是氯化物水溶液環(huán)境中最常見的裂紋前體。討論了坑周圍裂紋萌生位置的位置，以及量化小于坑深度的裂紋擴(kuò)展的固有挑戰(zhàn)，對坑到裂紋過渡的建模有影響。在裂紋電化學(xué)建模及其對工程完整性的影響的背景下，討論了模擬冷凝環(huán)境中 12Cr 汽輪機(jī)葉片中短裂紋和小裂紋的顯著增強(qiáng)的應(yīng)力腐蝕裂紋擴(kuò)展速率數(shù)據(jù)。 |
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