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研究計劃五部曲(2):極易忽視的文獻(xiàn)綜述
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提示:文章皆為原創(chuàng)。 我已加入“維權(quán)騎士”的版權(quán)保護(hù)計劃,版權(quán)所有,未經(jīng)作者允許禁止轉(zhuǎn)載,違者必究。 上周更新了研究計劃五部曲的第一部,有好多蟲友已經(jīng)在線催更了,所以現(xiàn)在第二部曲馬上奉上~ RP準(zhǔn)備的高峰期,經(jīng)常會遇到這類問題: 我一個學(xué)術(shù)小白真的做不了什么學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新,怎么辦? 其實,在留學(xué)申請時寫的研究計劃,如果能做到在課題和研究思路上具備創(chuàng)新和深度當(dāng)然是最好的,但Potential supervisor 或者招生committee 更看重的是RP內(nèi)容能否展現(xiàn)學(xué)生對于現(xiàn)有課題和領(lǐng)域具有深入了解,從而考察學(xué)生是否擁有扎實的學(xué)術(shù)基本功和學(xué)術(shù)能力。文獻(xiàn)綜述(Literature Review)便是RP中最能展現(xiàn)你學(xué)術(shù)實力的部分。 那么什么才是優(yōu)秀的文獻(xiàn)綜述(Literature Review)呢? 從字面的意思來看,你的literature review 不僅僅要有l(wèi)iterature, 還要有review; 也就說,將文獻(xiàn)或者作者研究成果進(jìn)行簡單羅列或者堆砌是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。Review需要我們對于既有的文獻(xiàn)做出批判性的閱讀,從而給我們自己的研究搭建出一個context或者框架。這就好比我們從網(wǎng)上訂購了一個書架,寄過來的都是一塊塊板材和螺絲釘,而我們要做的就是把這些板材和零件按照自己想要的框架組建起來,在其放上我們的methodologies, research questions這類“書籍”。所以在寫完Literature Review 之后,大家也要好好問一下自己如下幾個關(guān)鍵問題: ◆ 我的literature review 是否缺乏重點?是否有邏輯連貫性? ◆ 我是否對literature進(jìn)行了批判性的評估? ◆ 我的literature review 能否體現(xiàn)我對于這個領(lǐng)域的全面了解? ◆ 我的literature review 能否明確地向讀者展現(xiàn)目前該領(lǐng)域的knowledge gap? 口說無憑,還是直接上案例分析(本文所有案例均模糊處理了相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)信息,只展現(xiàn)行文的框架) XXXXX, written by XX (1849-1922) was published in 1920, was the first monograph that documented XXXXXX. Most of the materials in this book (especially its Vol.2) draw from archives of the Municipal Council of Shanghai, which provides a reference source for the later studies on Shanghai’s concessions, such as XXXXX and XXXXX. These two books are referred by my research when it comes to discussions on XXXXXXX. XXXXX like an encyclopedia about Shanghai, and the chapter XXXXX mainly shows how Japan gradually replaced Britain and France in controlling Shanghai at the military, financial, and political levels completely between 1937 and 1945. The data of price and population make me have a reasonable argument basis when discussing XXXXXX. Additionally, I would like to put forward XXXX and XXXXX, which were born in the wave of Shanghai studies in recent years. They do not conform to the specifications of intellectual works but turn to the civic culture by oral history. Although they seem to be relatively loose, fragmented and life-style when presenting XXXX, they inspire me to pay more attention to XXXXX. 點評: ◆ 雖然是Literature review 的節(jié)選,但是可以看出,這篇Literature review的最大問題在于并未向讀者展現(xiàn)該領(lǐng)域的研究情況,而是羅列出自己的研究中會用到的研究文獻(xiàn),這完全偏離了Literature review 的初衷,當(dāng)然也沒有辦法讓讀者通過這部分literature review就可以完全了解該領(lǐng)域目前的研究現(xiàn)狀; ◆ 該部分的literature review, 僅僅對相應(yīng)的學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)做了簡要的概括和分析,并沒有對文獻(xiàn)做批判性的閱讀。而僅有的一些“批判性”閱讀,比如:“They do not conform to the specifications of intellectual works but turn to the civic culture by oral history. Although they seem to be relatively loose, fragmented and life-style when presenting XXXX, they inspire me to pay more attention to XXXXX.”評述的語言表達(dá)太中式、口語化,內(nèi)容過于籠統(tǒng),且沒有說服力、不客觀,從而完全無法展現(xiàn)學(xué)生的學(xué)術(shù)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和扎實的基本功; ◆ 雖然單詞只有兩百個左右,但是段落完全沒有邏輯性。再者,為什么從文獻(xiàn)A的描述會轉(zhuǎn)到文獻(xiàn)B,也沒有邏輯線進(jìn)行串聯(lián),更讓讀者覺得文獻(xiàn)是隨機選擇的,讓整個段落沒有形成一個有機的整體。 所以看完這一段,大家也許就更能明白,文獻(xiàn)綜述的目的: 給你后續(xù)的研究可行性和研究意義鋪上墊腳石,讓讀者特別是非該領(lǐng)域的讀者,能清晰了解目前研究現(xiàn)狀,包括最新進(jìn)展和存在的空白。 那么這位學(xué)弟的RP在根據(jù)建議反復(fù)修改之后,部分成稿如下,供大家對比參考: Current western research related to XXXX , particularly XXXX, mainly focused on XXXXX , with XXXX as one of the representative historians who investigated XXXXX. For instance, in his research of XXXXX, Fu presented XXXXXX by careful examinations of XXXXXXX. The focus on the XXXX was also highlighted by XXXXX, who studied XXXXX. The scholar studied XXXXX in a broader historical context with insights into the situations of XXXXX during the war such as XXXXXX. XXXXX is another historian and literature researcher who made some contributions to XXXXX with a focus on the XXXXX during this turbulent times via a comparative study of XXXXX. However, after a look at the previous research, it is interesting to realize that XXXXXX instead of XXXX, which may be attributed to XXXXXXX. A good case in point is XXXXXXX, where the author pointed out that XXXXX. Cheng is not the only one of this group of researchers. XXXXX also XXXXXXXXX. 點評: ◆ 經(jīng)過重新梳理,選取并總結(jié)了與學(xué)生研究領(lǐng)域最相關(guān)以及最核心的文獻(xiàn); ◆ 整個段落圍繞研究領(lǐng)域的一個側(cè)面展開,不僅探討了核心的文獻(xiàn)和研究進(jìn)展,也討論了這些研究共同的gap,整個段落在邏輯上更為緊湊和連貫; ◆ 用語和用詞顯得學(xué)術(shù)、明確、流暢;即便是非專業(yè)人士,也可以很好地了解該領(lǐng)域的背景知識。 這里再舉一個好的案例供大家參考: The studies of XXXX generally focused on the following aspects: Before 1980s, there were two main arguments. First, XXXX were regarded as XXXXX since the XXXX was unique, an argument that could be easily found in archives complied by XXXXXX. These group of scholars claims that XXXXXX. Second, most XXX scholars support the claim that XXXXX . The bone of contention is XXXXX. However, the XXXX were not merely XXXXX , but were launched in a more complex context where XXX and XXXX as well as XXXXX all played their parts in the XXXXX. 雖然只有短短一段,而且看似使用的文獻(xiàn)并不是很多,但是行文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,對于研究文獻(xiàn)和內(nèi)容分類明確,正恰恰體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生扎實的學(xué)術(shù)基本功。無論是寫學(xué)術(shù)文章還是留學(xué)文書,并不是字?jǐn)?shù)越多、內(nèi)容越多越好;往往越精煉的文字和語言,以及越清晰的行文邏輯,越需要我們付出更多的時間和精力;因為只有對于該領(lǐng)域有一個全面和深入的了解之后,我們才能達(dá)到高屋建瓴、把握全局的能力,才能寫出一篇精煉和有說服力的research proposal。 俗話說:“臺上一分鐘,臺下十年功。”做任何事、寫任何文章皆是如此,留學(xué)也不例外。 我之后將繼續(xù)探討五部曲的第三部:research questions,敬請期待~ |
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